Blood Composition of Blood Connective Tissue - Cells seperated by a Matrix (Plasma) Plasma Makes up just over half the blood volume (55%) Composed of organic and inorganic particles (carbon and non-carbon) H2O, gases, vitamins, minerals, plasma proteins, amino acids, wastes Hematocrit (solid particles) Contains Cells and Platelets Cells: Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells (RBC's) Leukocytes - White Blood Cells (WBC's) Thrombocytes - Platelets ** If blood is centrifuged, will consist of RBC's, Plasma, and a "Buffy Coat" Red Blood Cells Begin as Megakaryocytes (Stem cells) Transform to small cells without Nuclei more ability to carry O2 Contain Hemoglobin (about 200 Million per Cell) Oxygen Carrier in the Blood Dark Purple is Natural Color (without O2) - may appear blue through blood vessel walls Bright Red with O2 attached (Oxyhemoglobin) Consist of: Heme portion (Iron) Globin portion (Protein) Live about 120 days Begin as flexible concave disks Over time become less flexible When inflexible, cannot pass through small slits in Liver & Spleen Become damaged/broken, and are destroyed by Phagocytes Some of the Heme is returned to Bone Marrow (as Iron) Some is excreted Globin broken down by the Liver & excreted White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Larger Cells with a Nucleus (2-3x RBC's) Do Not contain Hemoglobin Appear White in Color Concerned with Fighting Infection Types of WBC's Granular (* actually, each type contains granules, but they are more prominent in the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes) Live about 12-24 hours Phagocytes that "eat" other cells Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Neutrophils: beads on a chain (or Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes) packed with enzymes very mobile (first to the scene of an accident) attack and digest bacteria Eosinophils: phagocytic cells usually ignore bacteria attack foreign particles that have attracted antibodies Basophils: rarest of the three granular leukocytes move to site of injury and release histamine this stimulates innflamation (attracts phagocytes, etc) Agranular Monocytes or Lymphocytes Monocytes "grow" to be Macrophages (Largest Cells / Fish) - live several weeks to months - also secrete chemicals that stimulate fibroblasts - fibroblasts produce scar tissue Lymphocytes - differ in that they provide specific immunity - may live on for years (even a lifetime) T-cells enter peripheral tissues and attack cells directly B-cells move into plasma cells and attack alien cells far away Platelets (Thrombocytes) Broken Pieces of Megakaryocytes (stem cells) Are Alive (10 days) Have no Nuclei Function in Blood Clotting Hematopoiesis Process by which blood cells are formed Stem Cells (in Bones) are constantly dividing give rise to all the "Formed Elements" (cell in blood) Amazing Fact: 2.5 million RBC's created & destroyed each second Erythropoietin (Hormone) increases production released by Kidneys when Anemia (low O2) exists Plasma Liquid portion of blood 92% Water Contains plasma proteins (various functions) Albimums regulate H2O and blood volume / pressure Globulins Alpha & Beta Gobulins involved in transport of lipids and fat soluble proteins Gamma Gobulins function as antibodies Fibrinogen Helps in Blood Clotting Functions of Blood (Transport and Clotting) Transports Oxygen From the Lungs to the Capillaries of the Lungs Nutrients From the Intestines to the Capillaries of Tissues Waste Products from the Liver to the Kidneys (for excretion) Exchanges between Blood & Fluid Blood flows through Capillaries Enters from Arteriole, Leaves through Venule Exchanges of Substances takes place in Capillaries Blood Pressure at Arteriole end near 40 mm/Hg Osmotic Pressure (outside Capillary) constant near 25 mm/Hg Causes Filtration Small Particles Leave Water, Oxygen, Amino Acids, Glucose Larger Remain RBC's, WBC, Platelets Blood Pressure at Venule end near 10 mm/Hg Osmotic Pressure Constant Filtration the other way Occurs Not all the Water is Returned Ends up as Lymph (will see later) Blood Clotting (two ways) Cut Blood Vessel Immediately Contracts Decreases Blood Flow 1) Platelets then attach to Collagen Fibers in the CT layer Will fill "gap" if not too big (Platelet Plug) or 2) Prothrombin (a type of Platelet) is converted to Thrombin Thropmbin releases an enzyme Enzymes causes Fibrinogen molecules to bind end to end - fibrin thread Fibrin binds to the rough surface of damaged blood vessels Over time, another enzyme eats away at the Clot Blood Typing Used to give transfusions: sometimes patient lived, sometimes died due to aggultination Research then discovered proteins (Antigens) on RBC's Many proteins exist Important group is ABO Grouping Antigens are Termed A & B May have one, both, or neither One: A -or- B Both: AB Neither: O Plasma contains Antibodies Type of antibodies depends upon type of antigens Antibodies react with antigens Cause "Clumping" (agglutination) to occur Too much and you die No blood flow to critical organs A blood type has Anti-B antibodies Antigens clump up B B blood type has Anti-A antibodies Antigens clump up A AB blood type has no Antibodies O blood type has Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies What does this mean? (to give/receive blood, the plasma in the blood must not contain many antibodies that will cause agglutination) A wants type A blood B wants type B blood AB can take any blood (universal receptor) it has no antibodies O can give to anyone (universal donor) it has no antigens Rh Factor (Rhesis Monkey) Rh is another group of Antigens (concerned with agglutinogen D) Presence makes person Positive Absence makes person Negative Eventful if Rh negative mother has Rh positive child blood of child may spill into mother mother begins producing anti-Rh antigens if next child is Rh positive, the antibodies will effect child erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by treatment of mother after birth serum is injected into mother inactivates the babies Rh positive RBC's mothers antibodies soon dissapear